Hubungan Mikroklimat dengan Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Pule Pandak (Rauvolia serpentina Benth.)

Hubungan Mikroklimat dengan Pertumbuhan dan Hasil

Pule Pandak (Rauvolia serpentina Benth.)

Sulandjari 2), Suwidjijo Pramono 3), Sukardi Wisnubroto 4) dan Didiek Indradewa 4)

DOWNLOAD LINK JOURNAL (PDF) FULL VERSION:

http://www.4shared.com/document/_yvZOwsM/Hubungan_Mikroklimat_dengan_Pe.html

PENDAHULUAN
Salah satu diantara golongan Rauvolia adalah Rauvolia serpentine Benth, yang dikenal dengan nama pule pandak. Pule pandak termasuk dalam appendix II atau termasuk katagori genting (endagered species) (CITES/IUCN, 2003). Sejalan dengan hal ini di negara penghasil tanaman obat terbesar seperti Nepal, India dan Indonesia, pule pandak adalah salah satu dari banyak tanaman obat yang dinyatakan langka karena pemungutan masih langsung dari habitat alam . Nama asli tanaman ini di daerah India adalah pagal - ki - dawa, atau dalam bahasa sanskrit disebut sarphagandha (Sharma, 2003). Penggunaan tumbuhan dari golongan Rauvolia dalam bidang pengobatan telah berlangsung lama.
Akar adalah bagian utama tanaman pule pandak yang dimanfaatkan meskipun sebenarnya daun dan batang juga bermanfaat. Pule pandak mengandung tidak kurang dari 50 macam alkaloid dan telah diisolasi. (bloggerBITS)

Organic carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems: A review

DOWNLOD LINK:

http://www.4shared.com/file/259586832/a98d25d8/Organic_carbon_dynamics_in_man.html

Abstract

Our current knowledge on production, composition, transport, pathways and transformations of organic carbon in tropical mangrove environments is reviewed and discussed. Organic carbon entering mangrove foodwebs is either produced autochthonously or imported by tides and/or rivers. Mangrove litter and benthic microalgae are usually the most important autochthonous carbon sources. Depending on local conditions, phytoplankton and seagrass detritus imported with tides may represent a significant supplementary carbon input. Litter handling by the fauna not only affects microbial carbon transformations, but also the amount of organic carbon available for export. Most mangrove detritus that enters the sediment is degraded by microorganisms. Aerobic respiration and anaerobic sulfate reduction are usually considered the most important microbial respiration processes, but recent evidence suggests that iron respiration may be important in mangrove sediments as well. Organic carbon that escapes microbial degradation is stored in sediments and in some mangrove ecosystems, organic-rich sediments may extend to several meters depth. Many mangrove forests also lose a significant fraction of their net primary production to coastal waters. Large differences occur between mangrove forests with respect to litter production and export. Mangrove-derived DOC is also released into the water column and can add to the total organic carbon export. Numerous compounds have been characterized from mangrove tissues, including carbohydrates, amino acids, lignin-derived phenols, tannins, fatty acids, triterpenoids and n-alkanes. Many of these may, together with stable isotopes, exhibit a strong source signature and are potentially useful tracers of mangrove-derived organic matter. Our knowledge on mangrove carbon dynamics has improved considerably in recent years, but there are still significant gaps and shortcomings. These are emphasized and relevant research directions are suggested.

Keywords: Mangrove forest; Carbon dynamics; Import; Export; Biogeochemistry; Burial

The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review

DOWNLOAD LINK:
http://www.4shared.com/file/259582638/cca4769b/The_habitat_function_of_mangro.html


Abstract
Mangroves are defined by the presence of trees that mainly occur in the intertidal zone, between land and sea, in the (sub) tropics. The intertidal zone is characterised by highly variable environmental factors, such as temperature, sedimentation and tidal currents. The aerial roots of mangroves partly stabilise this environment and provide a substratum on which many species of plants and animals live. Above the water, the mangrove trees and canopy provide important habitat for a wide range of species. These include birds, insects, mammals and reptiles. Below the water, the mangrove roots are overgrown by epibionts such as tunicates, sponges, algae, and bivalves. The soft substratum in the mangroves forms habitat for various infaunal and epifaunal species, while the space between roots provides shelter and food for motile fauna such as prawns, crabs and fishes. Mangrove litter is transformed into detritus, which partly supports the mangrove food web. Plankton, epiphytic algae and microphytobenthos also form an important basis for the mangrove food web. Due to the high abundance of food and shelter, and low predation pressure, mangroves form an ideal habitat for a variety of animal species, during part or all of their life cycles. As such, mangroves may function as nursery habitats for (commercially important) crab, prawn and fish species, and support offshore fish populations and fisheries. Evidence for linkages between mangroves and offshore habitats by animal migrations is still scarce, but highly needed for management and conservation purposes. Here, we firstly reviewed the habitat function of mangroves by common taxa of terrestrial and marine animals. Secondly, we reviewed the literature with regard to the degree of interlinkage between mangroves and adjacent habitats, a research area which has received increasing attention in the last decade. Finally, we reviewed current insights into the degree to which mangrove litter fuels the mangrove food web, since this has been the subject of long-standing debate.

Keywords: Mangrove; Habitat use; Fauna; Ecosystem interaction; Ecology; Biodiversity; Food web